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Sample Of Pl Sql Program

25.05.2020by admin
  1. Sample Of Pl
  2. Sample Of Pl Sql Programs

Comments in PL/SQL. Commenting code simply instructs the compiler to ignore that particular code from executing. Comment can be used in the program to increase the readability of the program. In PL/SQL codes can be commented in two ways. Using '--' in the beginning of the line to comment that particular line. Sample PL/SQL Programs 1) WRITE A PROGRAM TO PRINT HELLO WORLD. Write a program to accept the grade and display emps belongs to that grade? Embedded PL/SQL Sample 6. Calling a Stored Procedure Running the Programs. All the sample programs in this appendix and several others throughout this guide are available online. So, they are preceded by the following comment:-- available online in file ' You can find the online files in the PL/SQL demo directory.

It is a sample PL/SQL Oracle example using procedure. When create a procedure IN and OUT keyword used during pass parameters. IN is used to pass values to. These programs will help you to learn pl/sql programming. Hello World Program in PL/SQL. PL/SQL Program To Add Two Numbers. PL/SQL Program for Prime Number. PL/SQL Program to Find Factorial of a Number. PL/SQL Program to Print Table of a Number. PL/SQL Program for Reverse of a Number. PL/SQL Program for Fibonacci Series. In PL/SQL procedure you can have a RETURN statement. However, unlike the RETURN statement in the function that returns a value to calling program, the RETURN statement in the procedure is used only to halt the execution of the procedure and return control to the caller.

  • PL/SQL Tutorial
  • PL/SQL Useful Resources
  • Selected Reading

In this chapter, we will discuss the Basic Syntax of PL/SQL which is a block-structured language; this means that the PL/SQL programs are divided and written in logical blocks of code. Each block consists of three sub-parts −

S.NoSections & Description
1

Declarations

This section starts with the keyword DECLARE. It is an optional section and defines all variables, cursors, subprograms, and other elements to be used in the program.

2

Executable Commands

This section is enclosed between the keywords BEGIN and END and it is a mandatory section. It consists of the executable PL/SQL statements of the program. It should have at least one executable line of code, which may be just a NULL command to indicate that nothing should be executed.

3

Exception Handling

This section starts with the keyword EXCEPTION. This optional section contains exception(s) that handle errors in the program.

Every PL/SQL statement ends with a semicolon (;). PL/SQL blocks can be nested within other PL/SQL blocks using BEGIN and END. Following is the basic structure of a PL/SQL block −

The 'Hello World' Example

The end; line signals the end of the PL/SQL block. To run the code from the SQL command line, you may need to type / at the beginning of the first blank line after the last line of the code. When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −

The PL/SQL Identifiers

PL/SQL identifiers are constants, variables, exceptions, procedures, cursors, and reserved words. The identifiers consist of a letter optionally followed by more letters, numerals, dollar signs, underscores, and number signs and should not exceed 30 characters.

By default, identifiers are not case-sensitive. So you can use integer or INTEGER to represent a numeric value. You cannot use a reserved keyword as an identifier.

The PL/SQL Delimiters

A delimiter is a symbol with a special meaning. Following is the list of delimiters in PL/SQL −

DelimiterDescription
+, -, *, /Addition, subtraction/negation, multiplication, division
%Attribute indicator
'Character string delimiter
.Component selector
(,)Expression or list delimiter
:Host variable indicator
,Item separator
'Quoted identifier delimiter
=Relational operator
@Remote access indicator
;Statement terminator
:=Assignment operator
=>Association operator
Concatenation operator
**Exponentiation operator
<<, >>Label delimiter (begin and end)
/*, */Multi-line comment delimiter (begin and end)
--Single-line comment indicator
.Range operator
<, >, <=, >=Relational operators
<>, '=, ~=, ^=Different versions of NOT EQUAL

The PL/SQL Comments

Program comments are explanatory statements that can be included in the PL/SQL code that you write and helps anyone reading its source code. All programming languages allow some form of comments.

The PL/SQL supports single-line and multi-line comments. All characters available inside any comment are ignored by the PL/SQL compiler. The PL/SQL single-line comments start with the delimiter -- (double hyphen) and multi-line comments are enclosed by /* and */.

Starship troopers terran ascendancy game logic factory. Your missile troopers, grenadiers and the marvellous micro-nukers must be given specific fire orders, so as not to fire a ball of instant, firey disintegration into the middle of a crowded combat zone and this occasionally leads them to wander off in odd directions when the fire order is given in order to find a direct line of sight to their target. Sadly, nobody follows them to provide cover and if you're not careful they tend to die before firing their ordnance.

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following result −

PL/SQL Program Units

A PL/SQL unit is any one of the following −

  • PL/SQL block
  • Function
  • Package
  • Package body
  • Procedure
  • Trigger
  • Type
  • Type body

Each of these units will be discussed in the following chapters.


Select Query /

alias column8ALL1
AND5ANY1
Arithmetic Operators Query4AS2
BETWEEN AND10Calculation in Query6
Case Query19Char Case1
Char Compare2Column alias4
Column Concatenation5Column Names9
Comparison Operators6Date Add1
Date Calculation Query9Derive values1
DISTINCT9EXISTS4
GROUP BY17HAVING14
Like19Logical Operators4
Nesting Functions2NOT10
Null Value Calculation2Null Value Compare10
Null Value Concatanation2Number Format1
OR9Order By26
Query Date Compare3Query IN13
Query Select Columns7Quote5
rowid2ROWNUM10
Select18UNIQUE1
Where12Wild Card4
With2

Insert Delete Update /

Delete Subquery1DELETE WHERE6
INSERT Column Name8INSERT with Functions4
Insert with subquery8Update All2
UPDATE Set Clause9Update subquery3
UPDATE WHERE5

Subquery /

Correlated Subquery9Exists Subquery5
Subquery ALL4Subquery ANY4
Subquery Basics36Subquery IN10
update3Virtual Table3

Hierarchical Query /

Indent2Level7
Nodes Branches2Root2
SIBLINGS4Start With Connect3
sys_connect_by_path6

Table /

Add Column13Alter Table16
Change Column Size2Change Column Type1
chartorowid1Cluster8
Column Default Value8Comment Table5
Copy Table13Create Table25
CSV Load14CSV Table5
Database3Describe4
Drop Columns3Drop Table4
DUAL Table3External Table1
Merge4Rename Column1
Rename Table1Row Count1
ROWID2ROWNUM5
SAVEPOINT2SYNONYM1
Table Reference2Table space12
Table Statistics1Temporary Table17
Transaction Rollback Commit11TRUNCATE TABLE2

Table Joins /

ANSI SQL 92 Joins5Cartesian product3
Cross joins1Equijoins5
Full Outer Join2Inner Joins8
Left Outer Join6Natural join3
Outer Joins7Right Outer Joins6
Self Joins2Table Join Basics15
Table Join Column10

View /

Alter View2Create View12
Inline View1MATERIALIZED_VIEW3
Query View2Updatable View1
Update View1

Aggregate Functions /

Aggregate Functions Basics8AVG15
COUNT22GROUP Function3
MAX10MIN8
SUM14

Char Functions /

ASCII3ASCIISTR2
Char Length1CHR2
COMPOSE2CONCAT2
CONTAINS4Convert1
decompose1Dump7
I18N2INITCAP7
INSTR12LENGTH4
LOWER4LPAD7
LTRIM7NVL14
NVL24REPLACE10
RPAD6RTRIM4
SOUNDEX4String Concatenate1
SUBSTR10Translate10
TRIM11UNISTR3
UPPER3VSIZE3

Numeric Math Functions /

ABS8ACOS3
ASIN3ATAN2
ATAN22BIN_TO_NUM4
BITAND5CEIL6
COS4COSH3
EXP4FLOOR4
greatest6hextoraw1
least4LN2
LOG4MOD8
POWER7ROUND19
SIGN8SIN3
SINH2SQRT5
TAN3TANH3
TRUNC13

Analytical Functions /

Aggregrate Analytical21Analytical Functions Basics12
Centered Average1Compute3
connect by3Corr1
COVAR_POP1COVAR_SAMP1
Cube10CUME_DIST3
Cumulative Sum8CURRENTV2
DENSE_RANK13First Last Value11
First Last1GROUPING SETS2
GROUPING7GROUPING_ID4
IGNORE NAV KEEP NAV1IS PRESENT1
LAG LEAD10Measure3
MEDIAN2Model2
Moving Average1NTILE8
NULLs First3NULLs Last5
Over11PARTITION14
percentile_cont1PERCENTILE_DISC1
PERCENT_RANK4PRESENTV1
Range3Rank Row1
Rank12Ratio Portion1
RATIO_TO_REPORT6REGR_AVGX2
REGR_AVGY1REGR_COUNT2
REGR_INTERCEPT2REGR_R22
REGR_SLOPE2REGR_SXX2
REGR_SXY2REGR_SYY3
Rollup12ROW_NUMBER11
RULES UPDATE1Start With3
STATS_MODE1STATS_WSR_TEST3
STDDEV2STDDEV_POP1
STDDEV_SAMP1Sum5
Top Values1UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING1
VARIANCE2VAR_POP1
VAR_SAMP1

PL SQL /

APPEND1Arithmetic Operators1
Begin End Block15Between and4
Boolean Expression4Break2
CARDINALITY3Case10
Char to Number1Char Varchar Compare5
Column Type Variable2Comments3
Compile Error10Concatenation Operator1
Conditional_compilation1Console Prompt Read4
Constant Number5Data Insert14
Data Type Convert10Data Type Define2
Date Calculation2DATE Compare2
Date Convert2DBMS_OUTPUT4
Decode6Default Value3
Define3Delete Data8
Dump1Errors Table1
Exception Handle24Exception Range5
Execute Immediate24EXIT9
For Loop27FORALL5
GOTO6Handle Exception5
IF20IN5
Index by Table5Insert Data4
IS6Label6
LIKE2Loop7
MEMBER OF3Multi line Command1
MULTISET7Not Null Variable2
NULL Statement3Null Value3
Number to Char4Object Type5
Operator1Output Print2
Package30Pause1
Predefined Exceptions6Print1
Program Block4Prompt1
Raise10Record Data Type14
Repeat Until2RETURNING Into2
rowtype13Select Into26
Server Output1Set2
SQL FOUND1SQL ISOPEN1
SQL ROWCOUNT1sqlcode3
SQLERRM8SUBMULTISET3
subtype2Table of Char5
Table of Column1Table of Date1
Table of number26Table of Object1
Table of rowtype5Table of Type18
Table of Varchar228Timing PL SQL2
Transaction9Type8
Update Data17Utility Package7
Varchar Table4Variable Declare6
Variable Default Value2Variable init4
Variable Scope9Variable4
varray41When3
While Loop17Your own Exception7
Sample

Data Type /

bfile2Binary Data Type5
blob5Boolean7
Cast1CHAR13
Clob23Date30
EXCEPTION2httpuritype3
Integer4INTERVAL6
IS INFINITE1IS NAN1
IS NULL Value2LOB1
Long7National Char2
nclob2NULL3
Number Type24Numeric Formatting19
PLS_INTEGER8TIMESTAMP22
TO_BINARY_DOUBLE1TO_BINARY_FLOAT1
TO_Char Date16TO_CHAR Number6
TO_CLOB2TO_Date6
TO_MULTI_BYTE1TO_NCHAR1
TO_NCLOB1TO_NUMBER4
TO_SINGLE_BYTE1VARCHAR220

Cursor /

Close Cursor7Cursor Fetch20
CURSOR FOR Loop11Cursor FOUND6
Cursor ISOPEN2Cursor Not Found11
Cursor Open6Cursor parameters8
Cursor ROWCOUNT7Cursor Update3
Cursor Value13Explicit Cursor12
Implicit Cursor14Nested Cursor2
ref cursor5Reference Cursor7
sys_refcursor4

Result Set /

Intersect6Loop Result set1
Minus8Union all5
UNION13

Regular Expressions /

alnum1Alpha3
Brackets4Case3
Control Letter1Digit4
Escape1Group5
NOT4OR2
Punct Print2Range1
REGEXP_INSTR16REGEXP_LIKE5
REGEXP_REPLACE3REGEXP_SUBSTR3
Repeat Operator4Space1
Wild Card15Word Start End4

Date Timezone /

ADD_MONTHS7CURRENT_DATE1
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP4Date Default Format7
Date Format19Date Time Interval2
Day Calculation1DBTIMEZONE2
EXTRACT10FROM_TZ1
INTERVAL6LAST_DAY8
LOCAL TIME ZONE2LOCALTIMESTAMP1
MONTHS_BETWEEN11NEW_TIME3
NEXT_DAY7NLS_DATE_FORMAT1
numtodsinterval8numtoyminterval5
ROUND Date7SESSIONTIMEZONE3
SYSDATE11SYSTIMESTAMP4
Time Zone7Timestamp12
TO_DATE5TO_DSINTERVAL3
TO_TIMESTAMP5TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ2
TO_YMINTERVAL5TRUNC Date10
TZ_OFFSET2

Sequence /

Alter Sequence1Create Sequence5
Drop Sequence1Sequence Increment2
Sequence Properties3Sequence Start1
Sequence Value9

Index /

Alter Index1Create Index19
Drop Index1Index STATISTICS4
Rename Index1

Constraints /

Add Check Constraint1Add Constraint4
Add Foreign Key6Add Primary Key11
Alter Constraints1Constraint Check21
Constraint Types2Contraint Name3
Create Foreign Key6Create Primary Key7
Defer Constraint2DELETE CASCADE1
DELETE SET NULL2Drop Cascade2
Drop Constraint3Drop Foreign Key3
Drop Primary Key1Enable Disable Primary Key2
Foreign Key2Name for Primary Key1
NOT NULL8Primary Key4
Unique9

Stored Procedure Function /

Autonomous_transaction4Call6
Default Parameter Value4exec3
Function Call8Function Definition16
Function Parameters12Function Return15
Insert7NOCOPY2
Overload2Parameter IN5
Parameter OUT11PIPELINED3
Procedure Call13Procedure Definition21
Procedure Function Body2Procedure Parameters21
Reference Your Function1Show Error2
Utility Function8Utility Procedure9

Trigger /

After Delete Trigger2After Insert Trigger4
After Update Trigger2Audit Log Table8
Before Delete Trigger1Before Insert Trigger4
Before Trigger3Before Update Trigger3
Business Logic Trigger6Create Trigger16
Database Trigger11Disable Trigger5
Drop Trigger1Enable Trigger3
Log Trigger2Old New Value8
Schema Trigger4Trigger Error2
Trigger Firing2Trigger on View2
Triggerable Actions2
Sql

Object Oriented Database /

Alter Type3Attribute2
Cast2Comparable5
Constructor7Cursor2
Delete1DEREF1
final1Insert11
NOT INSTANTIABLE1Object Column11
Object Method11Object Table Insert3
Object Table19Object View2
Object18Ref6
Reference Object3Select12
Self2table function2
Table4treat2
Type Body8Type Combination3
Type Hierarchy5Update7
Value Function1value1
Varray2Where1

Large Objects /

bfile7blob1
Directory2EMPTY_BLOB1
empty_clob1HEXTORAW2
Insert2Update1

Conversion Functions /

CAST5chartorowid1
COALESCE3CONVERT1
DECODE18NULLIF3
ROWIDTOCHAR2TO_CHAR10
TO_Number5

User Previliege /

Alter User3AUDIT2
Column Privileges1Create User4
Current_User4Drop User3
Grant Permission11Lock Unlock Account2
outline4PROFILE1
Revok Roles1Revoke Permission3
REVOKE REFERENCES1Role10
schema1Sequence privileges1
SESSION privileges3Synonym8
System Privileges3Table privileges5
UID1User Password8
View privileges1

System Tables Views /

all_arguments1ALL_CATALOG1
all_col_privs1all_indexes1
all_ind_columns1all_objects2
ALL_SEQUENCES1ALL_SYNONYMS1
ALL_TABLES2all_tab_columns2
all_tab_privs1ALL_TRIGGERS1
all_users2CAT2
DBA_AUDIT_OBJECT6DBA_AUDIT_SESSION5
dba_coll_types1dba_col_privs1
DBA_DATA_FILES2dba_ddl_locks1
dba_dependencies2DBA_EXTENTS4
dba_external_tables1DBA_INDEXES2
dba_job1DBA_JOBS_RUNNING1
dba_lobs1dba_locks2
dba_method_result1dba_objects6
DBA_OBJECT_SIZE1dba_object_tables1
dba_outlines1dba_procedure1
dba_profiles1dba_resumable1
dba_roles1dba_role_privs4
dba_rsrc_consumer_groups1dba_rsrc_plan_directives1
dba_source1DBA_SYNONYMS1
dba_sys_privs3DBA_Tables5
dba_tablespaces1DBA_TAB_COLUMNS2
dba_tab_comments1dba_tab_privs3
DBA_TAB_SUBPARTITIONS1dba_triggers1
dba_types1dba_type_attributes1
dba_type_method1dba_updatable_columns1
dba_users7dba_views1
db_object_cache1dict1
dictionary1global_name2
obj1open_cursor1
option1parameter5
pgastat1process3
ROLE_SYS_PRIVS1ROLE_TAB_PRIVS2
RSRC_CONSUMER_GROUP1session3
session_event1session_role1
sgastat1sql2
sqltext1sys.aux_stats1
sys.col4SYS_EXTRACT_UTC1
sys_nc_rowinfo1tab1
timezone_names1USER_CATALOG2
user_col_comments1USER_COL_PRIVS_MADE1
USER_COL_PRIVS_RECD1USER_CONSTRAINTS4
user_cons_columns2user_dependencies5
USER_ERRORS3user_indexes2
user_ind_columns4USER_JOBS3
USER_OBJECTS23user_object_size1
user_outlines1user_outline_hints2
USER_ROLE_PRIVS2user_segments3
USER_SEQUENCES2user_source3
USER_SYNONYMS1USER_SYS_PRIVS1
USER_TABLES9USER_TAB_COLUMNS1
USER_TAB_COMMENTS1user_tab_privs1
USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE2USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD1
user_triggers5user_types1
user_unused_col_tabs1USER_UPDATABLE_COLUMNS1
user_users1USER_VIEWS5
version1v_buffer_pool1
V_Controlfile1V_DATAFILE1
V_dbfile1V_db_cache_advice1
V_FIXED_TABLE1V_instance4
V_lock1V_logfile1
V_log_history1V_nls_parameters1
V_Object_Usage1V_Parameter5
V_pga_target_Advice1V_Rollname2
V_SESSION3V_SGA1
v_sgastat2V_sql2
V_sqlarea1V_statistics_level1
V_statname3v_Sysstat1
V_Waitstat1

System Packages /

DBMS_ALERT6dbms_application_info4
DBMS_AQADM3dbms_crypto8
DBMS_DB1dbms_ddl1
DBMS_DEBUG1DBMS_FGA1
DBMS_FILE_TRANSFER1dbms_flashback3
dbms_job8dbms_lob17
dbms_lock1DBMS_METADATA2
DBMS_OBFUSCATION_TOOLKIT6dbms_output16
DBMS_PIPE13DBMS_RANDOM12
DBMS_REDEFINITION1DBMS_REPAIR4
dbms_rowid7dbms_scheduler1
DBMS_SESSION1dbms_space1
dbms_sql27dbms_stats12
DBMS_TRACE2dbms_utility15
DBMS_WARNING2dbms_xmlquery1
dbms_xmlschema2htp1
ORA Error13ORA18
outln_pkg1TEXT_IO1
UTL_COMPRESS1UTL_FILE9
UTL_HTTP1utl_i18n1
UTL_INADDR1UTL_MAIL1
utl_raw27UTL_SMTP1
UTL_TCP1

Report Column Page /

COLSEP1Column Format Clear1
Column Heading Name1Column Heading Size1
Column Length1Column Number Format7
Column Word Wrap1Heading1
Line size2Line Width1
Page Size2

Sample Of Pl

SQL Plus /

Accept7all_policies1
Analyze24autotrace23
break2Column25
compute1define3
Edit1editor2
Environment Variables2explain plan4
Feedback2flashback1
Get1linesize1
Login2long2
markup html4numformat1
pagesize4pause5
Prompt4Query Rewrite1
Quit1recyclebin2
Run1Save3
SERVEROUTPUT6Session variable43
SGA1show3
Skip1space1
SPOOL5Start2
sys_context3Timing11
Title3USERENV2
variable9

XML /

Sample Of Pl Sql Programs

ExistsNode4UPDATEXML5
xdburitype1XML Save1
xmlattributes2XMLElement2
xmlforest1XMLType18
xpath8

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